Our romanization system is the same as the one that Library of Congress are using, after the dictionary of Strangers. This is a short introduction of the romanization system, and even if it’s short and consist it would be extensive enough for you to use in Your search.
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The Persian Alphabeth Persian Romanization The Arabic Alphabeth Arabic Romanization The Kudrdish Alphabeth
The Persian Alphabeth
Vowels and Diphthongs. Short vowels. Long vowels. a i uDiphthongs
1. Letters which may be romanized in different ways depending on their context
1.1 To indicate the long vowel romanized a
dana - دانا
1.2 The consonant romanized v
varzish - ورزش
1.3 Silent following is retained is romanization
khvastan – خواستن
khvud – خود
1.4 The long u – vowel (and short u –vowel in some
monosyllables) is romanized u
dur – دور
1.5 The diphthong romanized aw
Firdawsi – فردوسی
2.is used to represent:
2.1 The consonant romanized y
yar – یار
2.2 The long vowel romanized i
Iran – ایران
2.3 The diphthong romanized ay
ayvan – مصطفی
2.4 The final long vowel romanized a >/P>
Mustafa –
3. Orthographic symbols other than letters and vowel sign
3.1 Hamzah
3.1.1 When hamzah is in the middle or in the end it’s used in this way
pa` in – پائین
3.1.2 When used as a mark of izafah is it romanized in this way
astanah-’i dar – آستانه در
3.1.2 When used to mark the indefinite article is it romanized in this way
khanah’i – خانه
3.2 Maddah
3.2.1 Intitial is romanized a
ab – آب
3.2.2 Medial , when it represents the phonetic combination ais romanized in the following way
ma’asir – مآثر
3.3 Tanvin which occur chiefly in Arabic word, is
romanized in the following way:
o un
o in
o an
3.4 Tashdid is the mark for doubling the letter or digraph concerned
khurram – خرم
4. Grammatical structure as it affects romanization.
4.1 Izafah
4.1.1 When two words are associated in the relation known asizafah,
the first word is followed by an additional letter or syllable in romanization.
4.1.2 When the first word bears no special mark of izafah, it is followed by - i
dar-i bagh - درباغ
4.1.3 When the first word is marked by the addition of , it is followed by -í
qali –’i Iran – قالی ایران
4.1.4 When the first word is marked by the addition of }, it is followed by - yi
ru-yi zamin – روی زمین
5. Affixes and compounds.
5.1 When the affix and the word with which it is connected grammatically written in Persian,
the two are separated in romanization by a single -.
Khanah-ha – خانه
5.2 The Arabic article al is separated by a hyphen, in romanization,
Dar al-mu’allimin - دارالمعلمین
5.3 When elements of a compound are written separately in Persian, they are separated in romanization by a single -.
mariz-khanah – مریض خانه
shah – jahan – شاه جهان or شاهجهان
6. Orthography of Persian in romanization.
6.1 Rules for the capitalization of English are followed,
except that the Arabic article al is lower cased in all positions.
6.2 The single - is used:
6.2.1 To separate two letters representing two distinct consonantal sounds,
when the combination might otherwise be read as a digraph.
marz-ha – مرزها
6.3 Foreign words in a Persian context, are romanized according to the rules of Persian.
The Arabic Alphabeth
1. Arabic letters which may be romanized in different ways depending on their context.
1.1 The letters and may represent
wad - وضع
hiyal - حیل
1.2 The long vowels romanized a and u respectively
ula - اولی
iman -
1.3 The diphtongs romanized aw and ay respectively
awj - ایمان
aysar - اوج
1.4 Alif , , is used to represent the long vowel romanized
a
fa‘il - ایسر
1.5 Final , is used in the following way
1.5.1 can represent the long vowel romanized a
hatta - حتي
1.6 When the noun or adjective ending in is indefinite, or is preceded by the definite article , in romanized h
salah - صلاة
1.7 When the word ending in is in the construct state, is romanized t
Wizarat al-Tarbiyah - وزارة التربیة
2.Romanization of Arabic Ortographic symbols other than letters and vowel signs.
2.1 Hamzah
2.1.1 It is only romanized in the medial and final form
da‘im -دائم
malaa - ملا
2.2 Maddah
Look under the Persian Maddah, the same rules occures in Arabic as well.
2.3 ;Tashdid
2.3.1 وّ representing the combination of long vowel plus consonant, is romanized uw
‘aduw - عدوّ
2.3.2 representing the combination of diphtong plus consonant, is romanized ayy
shawwal - شوّال
2.3.3 representing the comination of long vowel plus consonant, is romanized iy
al-Misriyah - المصریه
2.3.4 final is romanized i
2.3.5 medial and final, who are represented in the romanization as ayy
ayyam - ایام
2.4 Tanwin.
2.4.1 Occurs in the indefinite nouns derived from defective roots.
qadin - قاضٍ
2.4.2 Indicates the adverbial use of a noun or adjective
faj‘atan - فجاةً
3. Grammatical structure as it affects romanization
3.1 Final inlections of verbs are retained in romanization, exept in paus
man waliya Misr - من ولی مصر
3.2 Final inflection of nouns and adjectives with vocalic endings not represented in romanization, except preceding pronominal suffixes
Ma‘had Mawlaya al-Hasan - معهد مولای الحسن
3.3 Pronouns, pronominal suffixes and demontrative
3.3.1 Vocal endings are retained in romanization
ana wa-anta - انا و انت
3.3.2 At the close of a phrase or sentence, the ending is romanized in its pausal form
Hayatuhu wa-‘asruh - حیاة و عصرة
3.4 Prepositions and conjuctions
3.4.1 Final vowels of separable prepositions and conjunctions are retained in romanization
anna - ان
3.4.2 Inseparable preposition, conjunctions, and other prefixes are connected with what follows by a hyphen
bi-hi - به
3.5 The definite article
3.5.1 The romanized form al is connected with the following word by a hyphen
al-kitab al-thani - الکتاب الثانی
3.5.2 When al is inital in the word, and when it follows an inseparable preposition or conjunction, it is always romanized al regardless of whether the preceding word, as romanized, ends in a vowel or a consonant
ila al-an - الی الاَن
4. Orthography of Arabic in romanization.
4.1 The hyphen is used in the following way
4.1.1 To connect the definite article al with the word to which attaced.
4.1.2 Between an inseparable prefix and what follows.
4.1.3 Between bin and the following element in personal names when they are written in Arabic as a single word
5. Examples of irregular Arabic orthography
5.1 Note the romanization of alone and in combination
Allah - اللّه
bismillah - بسم اللّه
5.2 Note the romanization of personal names
Bahjat - بهجت
5.3 and are both romanized ibn in all positions
Bin Khiddah - بن خدة
Bin -‘Abd Allah - ینعبداللّه
The Kurdish Alphabeth
The idafah is always represented by the and is considered attached to the word preceding it.
Following a consonant it is transliterated with i.
◦ andam-i - ئه ندامی
Following a vowel it is changed to y.
◦ yarida-y - یاریده ی
2. The conjunction u is considered a part of the word preceding it and is separated from the word by a hyphen.
◦ zhar-u chuna - زاروچونه
When the preceding letter is a vowel it is transliterated as v
◦ piri-v sad´ayb - پیری و سه د عه یب
3. The particles ba - and la - are considered a part of the word following and are attached by a hyphen.
◦ la-Baghda - له یه غدا
◦ ba-tirumbel - یه ترومبئل
4. The only vowel which is not written is the zher which is transliterated with the undotted ii as in Turkish.
◦ kirdit - کردت
5. Arabic loan words which are not transcribed into Kurdish spelling are to be transliterated according to the table for Arabic.
◦ fard - فرض
◦ muthaqqaf - متقف